Novel Norovirus GII.4 Variant, Shanghai, China, 2012
نویسندگان
چکیده
Analysis of repeat hospital admissions for dengue to estimate the frequency of third or fourth dengue infections resulting in admissions and dengue hemorrhagic fever, and serotype sequences.attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine in children, adolescents and adults in a dengue endemic country: randomized controlled phase I trial in the Philippines. antibody-dependent enhancement of microbial infection in macrophages: disease regulation by immune complexes. Burke DS. Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus growth in human monocytes as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever. research to phase III: preclinical, industrial and clinical development of the Sanofi Pasteur tetravalent dengue vaccine. To the Editor: Norovirus (NoV) has been identified as one of the major causal agents of nonbacterial, acute gastroenteritis in humans (1). The genetic diversity among NoVs is great, and human strains have been classified into 3 genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV). Despite this diversity, in recent years only a few strains, primarily those of genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4), have been responsible for most cases and outbreaks worldwide (1,2). The pattern of epochal evolution of NoV is ongoing, and novel GII.4 variants emerge, which replace previously dominant strains and cause new pandemics. Surveillance systems worldwide showed an increase in NoV activity in late 2012 (3). Molecular data shared through NoroNet (www. rivm.nl/en/Topics/Topics/N/NoroNet) suggest that this increase is related to the emergence of a new GII.4 variant , termed Sydney_2012 (3). We found that this novel GII.4 variant also emerged in Shanghai, China, and caused increased levels of NoV activity during October–December 2012. During July 2011–December 2012, fecal specimens from 748 outpatients (>16 years of age) with acute gastroenteritis who visited 1 of the 2 sentinel hospitals in Shanghai were collected and stored at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center at −70°C. Molecular detection of GI and GII NoV was performed by using conventional reverse transcription PCR as described (4). Full-length viral protein 1 and 639 bp of the 3′ RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of 4 randomly selected GII-positive strains were amplified (5–7). NoV genotypes were classified on the basis of a 280-bp region for GI and a 305-bp region for GII by using the Automated Ge-notyping Tool (www.rivm.nl/mpf/ norovirus/typingtool). A total of 77 patients showed positive results for GII NoV. An increase in GII NoV activity was observed during October–December in 2012; the detection rate was 46.08% (47 cases in 102 outpatients). The prevalence of GII NoV during the same period in 2011 was low; …
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